Direct interaction of the molecular chaperone GRP78/BiP with the Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein plays a vital role in viral attachment to and infection of culture cells

IntroductionGlucose Regulated Proteins/Binding protein (GRP78/Bip), a representative molecular chaperone, effectively influences and actively participates in the replication processes of many viruses.Little is known, however, about the functional involvement of GRP78 in the replication of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and the underlying mechanisms.

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Proline Metabolism in Tumor Growth and Metastatic Progression

Cancer cells show a formidable capacity to survive under stringent conditions, to elude mechanisms of control, such as apoptosis, and to resist therapy.Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to support uncontrolled proliferation and metastatic progression.Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity are hallmarks of cancer cells, which endow them with

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